什么是 Kubernetes
Kubernetes 是一个开源容器编排引擎,可以帮助开发者或运维人员部署和管理容器化的应用,能够轻松完成日常开发运维过程中诸如 滚动更新,横向自动扩容,服务发现,负载均衡等需求。了解更多
安装 Kubernetes
可以通过快速安装 kubernetes 集群:
- KubeSphere Installer
- minikube
- kubeadm
Kubernetes 术语介绍
Pod
Pod 是 Kubernetes 最小调度单位,是一个或一组容器的集合。
Deployment
提供对 Pod 的声明式副本控制。指定 Pod 模版,Pod 副本数量, 更新策略等。
Service
Service 定义了 Pod 的逻辑分组和一种可以访问它们的策略。借助Service,应用可以方便的实现服务发现与负载均衡。
Label & Selector
Kubernetes 中使用 Label 去关联各个资源。
Nodejs 模板项目
node-express-realworld-example-app 是一款 node.js 编写的后端示例应用。使用 Express 作为网络框架,使用 mongodb 持久化数据,使用 jwt 作用户认证等。
项目分析
npm start
作为容器启动命令,并依赖于一个 realworld-mongo
的容器服务。{
"scripts": {
"mongo:start": "docker run --name realworld-mongo -p 27017:27017 mongo & sleep 5",
"start": "node ./app.js",
"dev": "nodemon ./app.js",
"test": "newman run ./tests/api-tests.postman.json -e ./tests/env-api-tests.postman.json",
"stop": "lsof -ti :3000 | xargs kill",
"mongo:stop": "docker stop realworld-mongo && docker rm realworld-mongo"
},
}
process.env.
并分析代码, 生产环境需要 的环境变量有:NODE_ENV # 应设置为 production
MONGODB_URI # mondodb 服务路径
PORT # nodejs 服务端口, 默认3000
SECRET # jwt token 的私钥
在项目根目录添加 Dockerfile:
FROM mhart/alpine-node:8
WORKDIR /root/demo
COPY ./package.json .
RUN npm install
COPY . .
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["npm", "start"]
打包镜像
docker build -t example-app .
推送镜像到 Docker Hub
docker login -u $DOCKERHUB_USER -p $DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD
docker tag example-app $DOCKERHUB_USER/example-app:v0.1.0
docker push $DOCKERHUB_USER/example-app:v0.1.0
部署 MongoDB
此应用将分为两个服务部署,一个是包含 Nodejs 主程序的 example-app 服务,一个提供存储的 mognodb 服务。
mongodb 使用 https://hub.docker.com/_/mongo 作为镜像,因为有持久化数据,在单节点模式下可以使用 HostPath 挂载存储(多节点模式或挂载 PVC 存储形式推荐使用 KubeSphere 部署集群, 省去繁琐的配置),通过 Service 将服务暴露到 k8s 内部。
mongodb.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
namespace: default
labels: &ref_0
app: mongodb
name: mongodb
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels: *ref_0
template:
metadata:
labels: *ref_0
spec:
containers:
- name: container-ur9rxw
image: mongo
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- name: http-mongo
protocol: TCP
containerPort: 27017
volumeMounts:
- readOnly: false
mountPath: /data/db
name: mongodb
serviceAccount: default
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /data/db
type: DirectoryOrCreate
name: mongodb-pvc
strategy:
rollingUpdate:
maxSurge: 1
maxUnavailable: 1
type: RollingUpdate
配置文件中主要包含:
mongo
,在 kubernetes 集群中执行 kubectl 部署
kubectl apply -f mongodb.yaml
查看 pod 运行情况:
root@i-auleonob:/home/ubuntu# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
mongodb-54f949cb5c-r48bj 1/1 Running 0 42s
pod 已成功运行起来
查看 mongodb 服务日志:
root@i-auleonob:/home/ubuntu# kubectl logs mongodb-54f949cb5c-r48bj
2019-09-09T14:05:05.127+0000 I CONTROL [main] Automatically disabling TLS 1.0, to force-enable TLS 1.0 specify --sslDisabledProtocols 'none'
2019-09-09T14:05:05.132+0000 I CONTROL [initandlisten] MongoDB starting : pid=1 port=27017 dbpath=/data/db 64-bit host=mongodb-54f949cb5c-r48bj
2019-09-09T14:05:05.132+0000 I CONTROL [initandlisten] db version v4.2.0
2019-09-09T14:05:05.132+0000 I CONTROL [initandlisten] git version: a4b751dcf51dd249c5865812b390cfd1c0129c30
2019-09-09T14:05:05.132+0000 I CONTROL [initandlisten] OpenSSL version: OpenSSL 1.1.1 11 Sep 2018
...
2019-09-09T14:05:06.180+0000 I NETWORK [initandlisten] Listening on 0.0.0.0
2019-09-09T14:05:06.180+0000 I NETWORK [initandlisten] waiting for connections on port 27017
...
从日志可以看到 mongodb 已成功启动,并监听 27017 端口, 但此时在集群中还无法访问该端口,需要创建一个服务将端口映射到集群。
创建 MongoDB 服务
mongodb-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
namespace: default
labels: &ref_0
app: mongodb
name: mongodb-service
spec:
type: ClusterIP
sessionAffinity: None
selector: *ref_0
ports:
- name: http-mongo
protocol: TCP
port: 27017
targetPort: 27017
在 kubernetes 集群中执行 kubectl 创建服务
kubectl apply -f mongodb-service.yaml
查看服务详情
root@i-auleonob:/home/ubuntu# kubectl describe svc/mongodb-service
Name: mongodb-service
Namespace: default
Labels: app=mongodb
Annotations: kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration:
{"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Service","metadata":{"annotations":{},"labels":{"app":"mongodb"},"name":"mongodb-service","namespace":"default"...
Selector: app=mongodb
Type: ClusterIP
IP: 10.102.156.99
Port: http-mongo 27017/TCP
TargetPort: 27017/TCP
Endpoints: 192.168.219.10:27017
Session Affinity: None
Events:
透过 Kubernetes DNS,在集群内部可以使用 mongodb-service.default:27017
访问到 mongodb 服务。
部署 Example App
example-app 无需挂载存储卷,但容器的启动时需要必要的环境变量。在 env 中填入必要的环境变量,通过 mongodb-service.default 来访问 mongodb 服务。该端口无需暴露到主机上,service 类型选择使用 ClusterIP。
example-app.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
namespace: default
labels:
version: v1
app: example-app
name: example-app-v1
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
version: v1
app: example-app
template:
metadata:
labels:
version: v1
app: example-app
spec:
containers:
- name: container-l6cx0m
image: leoendlessx/example-app:v0.1.0
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- name: http-app
protocol: TCP
containerPort: 3000
env:
- name: NODE_ENV
value: production
- name: MONGODB_URI
value: mongodb-service.default # 使 用kubernetes 内部 DNS 来访问 mongodb 服务
- name: SECRET
value: asecretkey
serviceAccount: default
strategy:
type: RollingUpdate
rollingUpdate:
maxUnavailable: 25%
maxSurge: 25%
在 kubernetes 集群中执行 kubectl 部署
kubectl apply -f example-app.yaml
查看 Pod 状态及日志
root@i-auleonob:/home/ubuntu# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
example-app-v1-5678d8db79-7nhkd 1/1 Running 0 26s
mongodb-54f949cb5c-r48bj 1/1 Running 0 71m
root@i-auleonob:/home/ubuntu# kubectl logs example-app-v1-5678d8db79-7nhkd
> conduit-node@1.0.0 start /root/demo
> node ./app.js
Warning: connect.session() MemoryStore is not
designed for a production environment, as it will leak
memory, and will not scale past a single process.
Listening on port 3000
example-app 程序已成功启动,现在需将服务暴露主机节点上访问,以便主机网络将端口映射到外网。service 类型选择 NodePort
创建 Example App 服务到并暴露到主机
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
namespace: default
labels: &ref_0
version: v1
app: example-app
name: example-app
spec:
type: NodePort
sessionAffinity: ClientIP
selector: *ref_0
ports:
- name: http-app
protocol: TCP
port: 3000
targetPort: 3000
在 kubernetes 集群中执行 kubectl 创建服务
kubectl apply -f example-app-service.yaml
查看服务详情
root@i-auleonob:/home/ubuntu# kubectl describe svc/example-app
Name: example-app
Namespace: default
Labels: app=example-app
version=v1
Annotations: kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration:
{"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Service","metadata":{"annotations":{},"labels":{"app":"example-app","version":"v1"},"name":"example-app","names...
Selector: app=example-app,version=v1
Type: NodePort
IP: 10.106.109.178
Port: http-app 3000/TCP
TargetPort: 3000/TCP
NodePort: http-app 30375/TCP
Endpoints: 192.168.219.48:3000
Session Affinity: ClientIP
External Traffic Policy: Cluster
Events:
在节点上访问:
root@i-auleonob:/home/ubuntu# curl 127.0.0.1:30375
{"errors":{"message":"Not Found","error":{}}}
可见 example-app 可以正常访问,不过仍需要确认是否能正常访问 mongodb。
example-app 容器需要等待 mongodb service 可用时, 才可以正常启动。在 mongodb service 可用后, 手动删除旧的 example-app Pod 即可。
测试 Example App 服务
注册用户
curl -X POST \
'http://127.0.0.1:30375/api/users' \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-H 'X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest' \
-H 'cache-control: no-cache' \
-d '{"user":{"email":"john@jacob.com", "password":"johnnyjacob", "username":"johnjacob"}}'
{"user":{"username":"johnjacob","email":"john@jacob.com","token":"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpZCI6IjVkNzY3MmMzMzdjNGI5MTAwMGVhZmIzYyIsInVzZXJuYW1lIjoiam9obmphY29iIiwiZXhwIjoxNTczMjI3NzE1LCJpYXQiOjE1NjgwNDM3MTV9.24OGisacl8-n4SooYr8kdcAOYTBvz27sC1mUyU3VkKM"}}
登录
curl -X POST \
'http://127.0.0.1:30375/api/users/login' \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-H 'X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest' \
-H 'cache-control: no-cache' \
-d '{"user":{"email":"john@jacob.com", "password":"johnnyjacob"}}'
{"user":{"username":"johnjacob","email":"john@jacob.com","token":"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpZCI6IjVkNzY3MmMzMzdjNGI5MTAwMGVhZmIzYyIsInVzZXJuYW1lIjoiam9obmphY29iIiwiZXhwIjoxNTczMjI3ODcwLCJpYXQiOjE1NjgwNDM4NzB9.a5p0mCLZLSNbTCECjK9j-5hrgg-tA7mI5iENKdik5Xc"}}
创建 Article
curl -X POST \
'http://127.0.0.1:30375/api/articles' \
-H 'Authorization: Token eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpZCI6IjVkNzY3MmMzMzdjNGI5MTAwMGVhZmIzYyIsInVzZXJuYW1lIjoiam9obmphY29iIiwiZXhwIjoxNTczMjI3ODcwLCJpYXQiOjE1NjgwNDM4NzB9.a5p0mCLZLSNbTCECjK9j-5hrgg-tA7mI5iENKdik5Xc' \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-H 'X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest' \
-H 'cache-control: no-cache' \
-d '{"article":{"title":"How to train your dragon", "description":"Ever wonder how?", "body":"Very carefully.", "tagList":["dragons","training"]}}'
{"article":{"slug":"how-to-train-your-dragon-estl69","title":"How to train your dragon","description":"Ever wonder how?","body":"Very carefully.","createdAt":"2019-09-09T15:46:26.935Z","updatedAt":"2019-09-09T15:46:26.935Z","tagList":["dragons","training"],"favorited":false,"favoritesCount":0,"author":{"username":"johnjacob","image":"https://static.productionready.io/images/smiley-cyrus.jpg","following":false}}}
获取所有 Articles
curl -X GET \
'http://127.0.0.1:30375/api/articles' \
-H 'Authorization: Token eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpZCI6IjVkNzY3MmMzMzdjNGI5MTAwMGVhZmIzYyIsInVzZXJuYW1lIjoiam9obmphY29iIiwiZXhwIjoxNTczMjI3ODcwLCJpYXQiOjE1NjgwNDM4NzB9.a5p0mCLZLSNbTCECjK9j-5hrgg-tA7mI5iENKdik5Xc' \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-H 'X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest' \
-H 'cache-control: no-cache'
{"articles":[{"slug":"how-to-train-your-dragon-estl69","title":"How to train your dragon","description":"Ever wonder how?","body":"Very carefully.","createdAt":"2019-09-09T15:46:26.935Z","updatedAt":"2019-09-09T15:46:26.935Z","tagList":["dragons","training"],"favorited":false,"favoritesCount":0,"author":{"username":"johnjacob","image":"https://static.productionready.io/images/smiley-cyrus.jpg","following":false}}],"articlesCount":1}
通过测试可发现 example-app 与 mongodb 服务运行正常。