在开发数据库应用程序过程中,联合查询是十分重要的一种查询方式,可以实现多个表之间的联结,筛选出我们所需要的数据信息。在C语言编程中,可以使用OCI(Oracle Call Interface)连接Oracle数据库,结合SQL语句进行联合查询。
联合查询的实现方法为通过UNION或UNION ALL关键字将多个SELECT语句联结起来,从而实现多表联合查询。以下是一个简单的例子:
SELECT empno, ename, deptno FROM emp
UNION
SELECT empno, ename, deptno FROM emp_history;
以上SQL语句将emp表和emp_history表中的empno、ename、deptno三列数据进行联合查询,查询结果会去掉重复数据,显示emp和emp_history表中所有拥有相同empno、ename、deptno的数据。
在C语言中使用OCI连接Oracle数据库,需经过以下步骤:
- 建立OCI连接
- 定义OCI语句句柄和结果集句柄
- 准备OCI语句
- 执行OCI语句
- 绑定OCI结果集
OCIEnv *envhp;
OCIError *errhp;
OCISvcCtx *svchp;
OCISession *sesshp;
OCIServer *srvhp;
OraText *username = (OraText *)"scott";
OraText *password = (OraText *)"password";
OraText *database = (OraText *)"orcl";
OCILogon(envhp, errhp, &svchp, username, strlen(username),
password, strlen(password), database, strlen(database));
OCIStmt *stmthp;
OCIDefine *defhp;
OCIBind *bndp;
OCIDescribe *desc;
OCIDescribe *descsp;
OCIDefine *defnp;
OCIDefine *defvp;
OCIDefine *defap;
UCHAR data[50]
int ival;
OCIParam *param = NULL;
OCIParam *paralist = NULL;
OCIResultSet *rset;
OCIHdl *it_handle = NULL;
const char *query = "SELECT empno, ename, deptno FROM emp UNION "
"SELECT empno, ename, deptno FROM emp_history";
OCIStmtPrepare(stmthp, errhp, query, strlen(query), OCI_NTV_SYNTAX, OCI_DEFAULT);
OCIStmtExecute(svchp, stmthp, errhp, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, OCI_STMT_SCROLLABLE_READONLY);
if (OCI_SUCCESS ==OCIStmtFetch2(stmthp, errhp, -1, OCI_FETCH_NEXT, OCI_DEFAULT)
{
OCIStmtDescribe(stmthp, errhp, &desc, sizeof(OCIDescribe));
ival = desc->ocd_nzvars;
for (int i = 1; iocd_vars[i-1].desc, OCI_DTYPE_PARAM,
¶list, 0, OCI_ATTR_LIST_COLUMNS, errhp);
OCIAttrGet(paralist, OCI_DTYPE_PARAM, &defhp, 0, OCI_ATTR_NAME, errhp);
printf("%s", defhp->value.str_val);
}
printf("\n");
do
{
OCIStmtFetch2(stmthp, errhp, -1, OCI_FETCH_NEXT, OCI_DEFAULT);
OCIParamGet(stmthp, OCI_HTYPE_STMT, errhp, (void **)&it_handle,
(ub4) i + 1);
OCIAttrGet(it_handle, OCI_DTYPE_PARAM, &defvp, 0,
OCI_ATTR_NAME, errhp);
OCIAttrGet(it_handle, OCI_DTYPE_PARAM, &defap, 0,
OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE, errhp);
switch (defap->value2)
{
case SQLT_INT:
OCIAttrGet(it_handle, OCI_DTYPE_PARAM, data, 0,
OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE, errhp);
printf("%d ", *(int *)data);
break;
case SQLT_STR:
OCIAttrGet(it_handle, OCI_DTYPE_PARAM, data, 0,
OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE, errhp);
printf("%s ", (char *)data);
break;
default:
break;
}
} while (OCI_SUCCESS == status);
}
以上是C语言 OCI 联合查询的简单实现方式。在实际项目开发中,需要根据具体需求进行调整和优化,确保查询结果更加高效和准确。