watch
watch 命令会重复运行您给出的任何命令,并显示输出。默认情况下,它每两秒运行一次命令。命令的每次运行都将覆盖上一次运行时显示的内容,因此您始终可以看到最新的数据。
您可能会在等待某人登录时使用它。在这种情况下,您可以使用 watch who 命令或者 watch -n 15 who 命令使每 15 秒运行一次,而不是两秒一次。另外终端窗口的右上角会显示日期和时间。
$ watch -n 5 who Every 5.0s: who stinkbug: Wed Aug 23 14:52:15 2017 shs pts/0 2017-08-23 14:45 (192.168.0.11) zoe pts/1 2017-08-23 08:15 (192.168.0.19)
您也可以使用它来查看日志文件。如果您显示的数据没有任何变化,则只有窗口角落里的日期和时间会发生变化。
$ watch tail /var/log/syslog Every 2.0s: tail /var/log/syslog stinkbug: Wed Aug 23 15:16:37 2017 Aug 23 14:45:01 stinkbug CRON[7214]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu ll && debian-sa1 1 1) Aug 23 14:45:17 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 179 of user shs. Aug 23 14:55:01 stinkbug CRON[7577]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu ll && debian-sa1 1 1) Aug 23 15:05:01 stinkbug CRON[7582]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu ll && debian-sa1 1 1) Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd[1]: Starting Cleanup of Temporary Directories... Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd-tmpfiles[7584]: [/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/var.conf:1 4] Duplicate line for path "/var/log", ignoring. Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories. Aug 23 15:13:41 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 182 of user shs. Aug 23 15:14:29 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 183 of user shs. Aug 23 15:15:01 stinkbug CRON[7828]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
这里的输出和使用命令 tail -f /var/log/syslog 的输出相似。
look
这个命令的名字 look 可能会让我们以为它和 watch 做类似的事情,但其实是不同的。look 命令用于搜索以某个特定字符串开头的单词。
$ look ecl eclectic eclectic's eclectically eclecticism eclecticism's eclectics eclipse eclipse's eclipsed eclipses eclipsing ecliptic ecliptic's
look 命令通常有助于单词的拼写,它使用 /usr/share/dict/words 文件,除非你使用如下的命令指定了文件名:
$ look esac .bashrc esac esac esac
在这种情况下,它的作用就像跟在一个 awk 命令后面的 grep ,只打印匹配行上的第一个单词。
man -k
man -k 命令列出包含指定单词的手册页。它的工作基本上和 apropos 命令一样。
$ man -k logrotate dh_installlogrotate (1) - install logrotate config files logrotate (8) - rotates, compresses, and mails system logs logrotate.conf (5) - rotates, compresses, and mails system logs
help
当你完全绝望的时候,您可能会试图使用此命令,help 命令实际上是显示一个
内置命令的列表。最令人惊讶的是它有相当多的参数变量。你可能会看到这样的东西,然后开始想知道这些内置功能可以为你做些什么:
$ help GNU bash, version 4.4.7(1)-release (i686-pc-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or hist> (( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif C> . filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs > : kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigs> [ arg... ] let arg [arg ...] [[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ... alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n] bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O or> bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f file> popd [-n] [+N | -N] break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] caller [expr] pwd [-LP] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...)> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-> cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s> command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] o> compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [> return [n] complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] > select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMM> compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ..> set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-> continue [n] shift [n] coproc [NAME] command [redirections] shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=v> source filename [arguments] dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] suspend [-f] disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid > test [expr] echo [-neE] [arg ...] time [-p] pipeline enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [na> times eval [arg ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [argume> true exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...] export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or ex> typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=v> false ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [l> fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] o> umask [-p] [-S] [mode] fg [job_spec] unalias [-a] name [name ...] for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMAND> unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...] for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMAN> until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done function name { COMMANDS ; } or name > variables - Names and meanings of so> getopts optstring name [arg] wait [-n] [id ...] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name > while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }
stat -c
stat 命令用于显示文件的大小、所有者、用户组、索引节点号、权限、修改和访问时间等重要的统计信息。这是一个非常有用的命令,可以显示比 ls -l 更多的细节。
$ stat .bashrc File: .bashrc Size: 4048 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: 806h/2054d Inode: 421481 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 1000/ shs) Gid: ( 1000/ shs) Access: 2017-08-23 15:13:41.781809933 -0400 Modify: 2017-06-21 17:37:11.875157790 -0400 Change: 2017-06-21 17:37:11.899157791 -0400 Birth: -
使用 -c 选项,您可以指定要查看的字段。例如,如果您只想查看一个文件或一系列文件的文件名和访问权限,则可以这样做:
$ stat -c '%n %a' .bashrc .bashrc 644
在此命令中, %n 表示每个文件的名称,而 %a 表示访问权限。%u 表示数字类型的 UID,而 %U 表示用户名。
$ stat -c '%n %a' bin/* bin/loop 700 bin/move2nohup 700 bin/nohup.out 600 bin/show_release 700 $ stat -c '%n %a %U' bin/* bin/loop 700 shs bin/move2nohup 700 shs bin/nohup.out 600 root bin/show_release 700 shs
TAB
如果你没有使用过 tab 键来补全文件名,你真的错过了一个非常有用的命令行技巧。tab 键提供文件名补全功能(包括使用 cd 时的目录)。它在出现歧义之前尽可能多的填充文件名(多个文件以相同的字母开头。如果您有一个名为 bigplans 的文件,另一个名为 bigplans2017 的文件会发生歧义,你将听到一个声音,然后需要决定是按下回车键还是输入 2 之后再按下 tab 键选择第二个文件。