背景
想起以前刚入职一家公司，就遇到了MySQL 亿级大表优化这个事儿！
XX 实例（一主一从）xxx 告警中每天凌晨在报 SLA 报警，该报警的意思是存在一定的主从延迟。（若在此时发生主从切换，需要长时间才可以完成切换，要追延迟来保证主从数据的一致性）
XX 实例的慢查询数量最多（执行时间超过 1s 的 SQL 会被记录），XX 应用那方每天晚上在做删除一个月前数据的任务。
分析
使用 pt-query-digest 工具分析一周的 mysql-slow.log：
pt-query-digest --since=148h mysql-slow.log | less
结果第一部分：
这一个星期内，总共记录的慢查询执行花费时间为 25403s，最大的慢 SQL 执行时间为 266s，平均每个慢 SQL 执行时间 5s，平均扫描的行数为 1766 万。
结果第二部分：
select arrival_record 操作记录的慢查询数量最多有 4 万多次，平均响应时间为 4s，delete arrival_record 记录了 6 次，平均响应时间 258s。
select xxx_record 语句
select arrival_record 慢查询语句都类似于如下所示，where 语句中的参数字段是一样的，传入的参数值不一样：
select count(*) from arrival_record where product_id=26 and receive_time between '2019-03-25 14:00:00' and '2019-03-25 15:00:00' and receive_spend_ms>=0G
select arrival_record 语句在 MySQL 中最多扫描的行数为 5600 万、平均扫描的行数为 172 万，推断由于扫描的行数多导致的执行时间长。
查看执行计划：
explain select count(*) from arrival_record where product_id=26 and receive_time between '2019-03-25 14:00:00' and '2019-03-25 15:00:00' and receive_spend_ms>=0G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: arrival_record
partitions: NULL
type: ref
possible_keys: IXFK_arrival_record
key: IXFK_arrival_record
key_len: 8
ref: const
rows: 32261320
filtered: 3.70
Extra: Using index condition; Using where
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
用到了索引 IXFK_arrival_record，但预计扫描的行数很多有 3000 多万行：
show index from arrival_record;
+----------------+------------+---------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+----------------+------------+---------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| arrival_record | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 107990720 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| arrival_record | 1 | IXFK_arrival_record | 1 | product_id | A | 1344 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| arrival_record | 1 | IXFK_arrival_record | 2 | station_no | A | 22161 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
| arrival_record | 1 | IXFK_arrival_record | 3 | sequence | A | 77233384 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| arrival_record | 1 | IXFK_arrival_record | 4 | receive_time | A | 65854652 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
| arrival_record | 1 | IXFK_arrival_record | 5 | arrival_time | A | 73861904 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
+----------------+------------+---------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
show create table arrival_record;
..........
arrival_spend_ms bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,
total_spend_ms bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
KEY IXFK_arrival_record (product_id,station_no,sequence,receive_time,arrival_time) USING BTREE,
CONSTRAINT FK_arrival_record_product FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES product (id) ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=614538979 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin |
①该表总记录数约 1 亿多条，表上只有一个复合索引，product_id 字段基数很小，选择性不好。
②传入的过滤条件：
where product_id=26 and receive_time between '2019-03-25 14:00:00' and '2019-03-25 15:00:00' and receive_spend_ms>=0
没有 station_nu 字段，使用不到复合索引 IXFK_arrival_record 的 product_id，station_no，sequence，receive_time 这几个字段。③根据最左前缀原则，select arrival_record 只用到了复合索引 IXFK_arrival_record 的第一个字段 product_id，而该字段选择性很差，导致扫描的行数很多，执行时间长。④receive_time 字段的基数大，选择性好，可对该字段单独建立索引，select arrival_record sql 就会使用到该索引。现在已经知道了在慢查询中记录的 select arrival_record where 语句传入的参数字段有 product_id，receive_time，receive_spend_ms，还想知道对该表的访问有没有通过其他字段来过滤了神器 tcpdump 出场的时候到了，使用 tcpdump 抓包一段时间对该表的 select 语句：
tcpdump -i bond0 -s 0 -l -w - dst port 3316 | strings | grep select | egrep -i 'arrival_record' >/tmp/select_arri.log
获取 select 语句中 from 后面的 where 条件语句：
IFS_OLD=$IFS
IFS=$'n'
for i in `cat /tmp/select_arri.log `;do echo ${i#*'from'}; done | less
IFS=$IFS_OLD
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=17 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='56742'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=22 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='S7100'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=24 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='V4631'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=22 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='S9466'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=24 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='V4205'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=24 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='V4105'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=24 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='V4506'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=24 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='V4617'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=22 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='S8356'
arrival_record arrivalrec0_ where arrivalrec0_.sequence='2019-03-27 08:40' and arrivalrec0_.product_id=22 and arrivalrec0_.station_no='S8356'
select 该表 where 条件中有 product_id，station_no，sequence 字段，可以使用到复合索引 IXFK_arrival_record 的前三个字段。
综上所示，优化方法为：
-
删除复合索引 IXFK_arrival_record
-
建立复合索引 idx_sequence_station_no_product_id
- 建立单独索引 indx_receive_time
delete xxx_record 语句
该 delete 操作平均扫描行数为 1.1 亿行，平均执行时间是 262s。delete 语句如下所示，每次记录的慢查询传入的参数值不一样：
delete from arrival_record where receive_time ${log_file} 2>& 1
red_echo "onlie ddl stop"
red_echo "add foreign key"
mysql -uroot -p$passwd --socket=/datas/mysql/data/${port}/mysqld.sock -e"set sql_log_bin=0;ALTER TABLE $db_.${table_name} ADD CONSTRAINT _FK_${table_name}_product FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES cq_new_cimiss.product (id) ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION;" >>${log_file} 2>& 1
check_las_comm "$?" "add foreign key error"
red_echo "add foreign key stop"
red_echo "start slave"
mysql -uroot -p$passwd --socket=/datas/mysql/data/${port}/mysqld.sock -e"start slave"
check_las_comm "$?" "start slave failed"
执行时间：
2019-04-08-11:17:36 stop slave
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ddl_start
2019-04-08 11:17:36
ddl_stop
2019-04-08 11:45:13
2019-04-08-11:45:13 onlie ddl stop
2019-04-08-11:45:13 add foreign key
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
2019-04-08-12:33:48 add foreign key stop
2019-04-08-12:33:48 start slave
删除重建索引花费时间为 28 分钟，添加外键约束时间为 48 分钟。
再次查看 delete 和 select 语句的执行计划：
explain select count(*) from arrival_record where receive_time =0G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: arrival_record
partitions: NULL
type: range
possible_keys: idx_product_id_sequence_station_no,idx_receive_time
key: idx_receive_time
key_len: 6
ref: NULL
rows: 291448
filtered: 16.66
Extra: Using index condition; Using where
都使用到了 idx_receive_time 索引，扫描的行数大大降低。
索引优化后
delete 还是花费了 77s 时间：
delete from arrival_record where receive_time
