在基于 RPM 的系统上，例如 RHEL、CentOS 等，我们中的许多人使用 yum 包管理器来管理软件的安装、删除、更新、搜索等。
Linux 发行版的大部分软件都来自发行版官方仓库。官方仓库包含大量免费和开源的应用和软件。它很容易安装和使用。
由于一些限制和专有问题，基于 RPM 的发行版在其官方仓库中没有提供某些包。另外，出于稳定性考虑，它不会提供最新版本的核心包。
为了克服这种情况，我们需要安装或启用需要的第三方仓库。对于基于 RPM 的系统，有许多第三方仓库可用，但所建议使用的仓库很少，因为这些不会替换大量的基础包。
建议阅读：
- 在 RHEL/CentOS 系统中使用 YUM 命令管理包
- 在 Fedora 系统中使用 DNF (YUM 的分支) 命令来管理包
- 命令行包管理器和用法列表
- Linux 包管理器的图形化工具
这可以在基于 RPM 的系统上完成，比如 RHEL, CentOS, OEL, Fedora 等。
- Fedora 系统使用
dnf config-manager [options] [section …] - 其它基于 RPM 的系统使用
yum-config-manager [options] [section …]
如何列出启用的仓库
只需运行以下命令即可检查系统上启用的仓库列表。
对于 CentOS/RHEL/OLE 系统：
# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706
extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53
updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,255
repolist: 8,014
对于 Fedora 系统：
# dnf repolist
如何在系统中添加一个新仓库
每个仓库通常都提供自己的 .repo 文件。要将此类仓库添加到系统中，使用 root 用户运行以下命令。在我们的例子中将添加 EPEL 仓库 和 IUS 社区仓库，见下文。
但是没有 .repo 文件可用于这些仓库。因此，我们使用以下方法进行安装。
对于 EPEL 仓库，因为它可以从 CentOS 额外仓库获得，所以运行以下命令来安装它。
# yum install epel-release -y
对于 IUS 社区仓库，运行以下 bash 脚本来安装。
# curl 'https://setup.ius.io/' -o setup-ius.sh
# sh setup-ius.sh
如果你有 .repo 文件，在 RHEL/CentOS/OEL 中，只需运行以下命令来添加一个仓库。
# yum-config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repo
Loaded plugins: product-id, refresh-packagekit, subscription-manager
adding repo from: http://www.example.com/example.repo
grabbing file http://www.example.com/example.repo to /etc/yum.repos.d/example.repo
example.repo | 413 B 00:00
repo saved to /etc/yum.repos.d/example.repo
对于 Fedora 系统，运行以下命令来添加一个仓库：
# dnf config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repo
adding repo from: http://www.example.com/example.repo
如果在添加这些仓库之后运行 yum repolist 命令，你就可以看到新添加的仓库了。Yes，我看到了。
注意：每当运行 yum repolist 命令时，该命令会自动从相应的仓库获取更新，并将缓存保存在本地系统中。
# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
epel/metalink | 6.1 kB 00:00
* epel: epel.mirror.constant.com
* ius: ius.mirror.constant.com
ius | 2.3 kB 00:00
repo id repo name status
base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,505
extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53
ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 390
updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,255
repolist: 20,909
每个仓库都有多个渠道，比如测试（Testing）、开发（Dev）和存档（Archive）等。通过导航到仓库文件位置，你可以更好地理解这一点。
# ls -lh /etc/yum.repos.d
total 64K
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 647 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 289 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-fasttrack.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 630 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Media.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 916 May 18 11:07 CentOS-SCLo-scl.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 892 May 18 10:36 CentOS-SCLo-scl-rh.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6.2K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Vault.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.9K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Vault.repo.rpmnew
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 957 May 18 10:41 epel.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K Nov 4 2012 epel-testing.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-archive.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-dev.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K May 18 10:41 ius.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-testing.repo
如何在系统中启用一个仓库
当你在默认情况下添加一个新仓库时，它将启用它们的稳定仓库，这就是为什么我们在运行 yum repolist 命令时获取了仓库信息。在某些情况下，如果你希望启用它们的测试、开发或存档仓库，使用以下命令。另外，我们还可以使用此命令启用任何禁用的仓库。
为了验证这一点，我们将启用 epel-testing.repo，运行下面的命令：
# yum-config-manager --enable epel-testing
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
==================================================================================== repo: epel-testing =====================================================================================
[epel-testing]
bandwidth = 0
base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6
baseurl =
cache = 0
cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing
cost = 1000
enabled = 1
enablegroups = True
exclude =
failovermethod = priority
ftp_disable_epsv = False
gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgcadir
gpgcakey =
gpgcheck = True
gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgdir
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/headers
http_caching = all
includepkgs =
keepalive = True
mdpolicy = group:primary
mediaid =
metadata_expire = 21600
metalink =
mirrorlist = https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=testing-epel6&arch=x86_64
mirrorlist_expire = 86400
name = Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64
old_base_cache_dir =
password =
persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing
pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/packages
proxy = False
proxy_dict =
proxy_password =
proxy_username =
repo_gpgcheck = False
retries = 10
skip_if_unavailable = False
ssl_check_cert_permissions = True
sslcacert =
sslclientcert =
sslclientkey =
sslverify = True
throttle = 0
timeout = 30.0
username =
运行 yum repolist 命令来检查是否启用了 “epel-testing”。它被启用了，我可以从列表中看到它。
# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Determining fastest mirrors
epel/metalink | 18 kB 00:00
epel-testing/metalink | 17 kB 00:00
* epel: mirror.us.leaseweb.net
* epel-testing: mirror.us.leaseweb.net
* ius: mirror.team-cymru.com
base | 3.7 kB 00:00
centos-sclo-sclo | 2.9 kB 00:00
epel | 4.7 kB 00:00
epel/primary_db | 6.0 MB 00:00
epel-testing | 4.7 kB 00:00
epel-testing/primary_db | 368 kB 00:00
extras | 3.4 kB 00:00
ius | 2.3 kB 00:00
ius/primary_db | 216 kB 00:00
updates | 3.4 kB 00:00
updates/primary_db | 8.1 MB 00:00 ...
repo id repo name status
base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706
centos-sclo-sclo CentOS-6 - SCLo sclo 495
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,509
epel-testing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64 809
extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53
ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 390
updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,288
repolist: 22,250
如果你想同时启用多个仓库，使用以下格式。这个命令将启用 epel、epel-testing 和 ius 仓库：
# yum-config-manager --enable epel epel-testing ius
对于 Fedora 系统，运行下面的命令来启用仓库：
# dnf config-manager --set-enabled epel-testing
如何在系统中禁用一个仓库
无论何时你在默认情况下添加一个新的仓库，它都会启用它们的稳定仓库，这就是为什么我们在运行 yum repolist 命令时获取了仓库信息。如果你不想使用仓库，那么可以通过下面的命令来禁用它。
为了验证这点，我们将要禁用 epel-testing.repo 和 ius.repo，运行以下命令：
# yum-config-manager --disable epel-testing ius
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
==================================================================================== repo: epel-testing =====================================================================================
[epel-testing]
bandwidth = 0
base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6
baseurl =
cache = 0
cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing
cost = 1000
enabled = 0
enablegroups = True
exclude =
failovermethod = priority
ftp_disable_epsv = False
gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgcadir
gpgcakey =
gpgcheck = True
gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgdir
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/headers
http_caching = all
includepkgs =
keepalive = True
mdpolicy = group:primary
mediaid =
metadata_expire = 21600
metalink =
mirrorlist = https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=testing-epel6&arch=x86_64
mirrorlist_expire = 86400
name = Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64
old_base_cache_dir =
password =
persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing
pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/packages
proxy = False
proxy_dict =
proxy_password =
proxy_username =
repo_gpgcheck = False
retries = 10
skip_if_unavailable = False
ssl_check_cert_permissions = True
sslcacert =
sslclientcert =
sslclientkey =
sslverify = True
throttle = 0
timeout = 30.0
username =
========================================================================================= repo: ius =========================================================================================
[ius]
bandwidth = 0
base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6
baseurl =
cache = 0
cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius
cost = 1000
enabled = 0
enablegroups = True
exclude =
failovermethod = priority
ftp_disable_epsv = False
gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius/gpgcadir
gpgcakey =
gpgcheck = True
gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius/gpgdir
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/IUS-COMMUNITY-GPG-KEY
hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius/headers
http_caching = all
includepkgs =
keepalive = True
mdpolicy = group:primary
mediaid =
metadata_expire = 21600
metalink =
mirrorlist = https://mirrors.iuscommunity.org/mirrorlist?repo=ius-centos6&arch=x86_64&protocol=http
mirrorlist_expire = 86400
name = IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64
old_base_cache_dir =
password =
persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius
pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius/packages
proxy = False
proxy_dict =
proxy_password =
proxy_username =
repo_gpgcheck = False
retries = 10
skip_if_unavailable = False
ssl_check_cert_permissions = True
sslcacert =
sslclientcert =
sslclientkey =
sslverify = True
throttle = 0
timeout = 30.0
username =
运行 yum repolist 命令检查 “epel-testing” 和 “ius” 仓库是否被禁用。它被禁用了，我不能看到那些仓库，除了 “epel”。
# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: mirror.us.leaseweb.net
repo id repo name status
base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706
centos-sclo-sclo CentOS-6 - SCLo sclo 495
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,505
extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53
updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,288
repolist: 21,051
或者，我们可以运行以下命令查看详细信息：
# yum repolist all | grep "epel*\|ius*"
* epel: mirror.steadfast.net
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 enabled: 12,509
epel-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
epel-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
epel-testing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
epel-testing-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
epel-testing-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-archive IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-archive-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-archive-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-dev IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-dev-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-dev-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-testing IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-testing-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
ius-testing-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
对于 Fedora 系统，运行以下命令来启用一个仓库：
# dnf config-manager --set-disabled epel-testing
或者，可以通过手动编辑适当的 repo 文件来完成。为此，打开相应的 repo 文件并将值从 enabled=0 改为 enabled=1（启用仓库）或从 enabled=1 变为 enabled=0（禁用仓库）。
即从：
[epel]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch
mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
改为：
[epel]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch
mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-add-enable-disable-a-repository-dnf-yum-config-manager-on-linux/
作者：Prakash Subramanian 选题：lujun9972 译者：MjSeven 校对：wxy
本文由 LCTT 原创编译，Linux中国 荣誉推出
