Sql 语句学习指南第1/2页

2023年 4月 16日 45.4k 0

1.在查询结果中显示列名: a.用as关键字:select name as '姓名' from students order by age b.直接表示:select name '姓名' from students order by age 2.精确查找: a.用in限定范围:select * from students where na

1.在查询结果中显示列名:   a.用as关键字:select name as '姓名' from students order by age   b.直接表示:select name '姓名' from students order by age   2.精确查找:   a.用in限定范围:select * from students where native in ('湖南', '四川')   b.between...and:select * from students where age between 20 and 30   c.“=”:select * from students where name = '李山'   d.like:select * from students where name like '李%' (注意查询条件中有“%”,则说明是部分匹配,而且还有先后信息在里面,即查找以“李”开头的匹配项。所以若查询有“李”的所有对象,应该命令:'%李%';若是第二个字为李,则应为'_李%'或'_李'或'_李_'。)   e.[]匹配检查符:select * from courses where cno like '[AC]%' (表示或的关系,与"in(...)"类似,而且"[]"可以表示范围,如:select * from courses where cno like '[A-C]%')   3.对于时间类型变量的处理   a.smalldatetime:直接按照字符串处理的方式进行处理,例如: select * from students where birth > = '1980-1-1' and birth <= '1980-12-31'   4.集函数   a.count()求和,如:select count(*) from students (求学生总人数)   b.avg(列)求平均,如:select avg(mark) from grades where cno='B2'   c.max(列)和min(列),求最大与最小   5.分组group   常用于统计时,如分组查总数:   select gender,count(sno)   from students   group by gender   (查看男女学生各有多少)   注意:从哪种角度分组就从哪列"group by"   对于多重分组,只需将分组规则罗列。比如查询各届各专业的男女同学人数,那么分组规则有:届别(grade)、专业(mno)和性别(gender),所以有"group by grade, mno, gender"   select grade, mno, gender, count(*)   from students   group by grade, mno, gender   通常group还和having联用,比如查询1门课以上不及格的学生,则按学号(sno)分类有:   select sno,count(*) from grades   where mark<60   group by sno   having count(*)>1   6.UNION联合   合并查询结果,如:   SELECT * FROM students   WHERE name like ‘张%'   UNION [ALL]   SELECT * FROM students   WHERE name like ‘李%'   7.多表查询   a.内连接   select g.sno,s.name,c.coursename   from grades g JOIN students s ON g.sno=s.sno   JOIN courses c ON g.cno=c.cno   (注意可以引用别名)   b.外连接   b1.左连接   select courses.cno,max(coursename),count(sno)   from courses LEFT JOIN grades ON courses.cno=grades.cno   group by courses.cno   左连接特点:显示全部左边表中的所有项目,即使其中有些项中的数据未填写完全。   左外连接返回那些存在于左表而右表中却没有的行,再加上内连接的行。   b2.右连接   与左连接类似   b3.全连接   select sno,name,major   from students FULL JOIN majors ON students.mno=majors.mno   两边表中的内容全部显示   c.自身连接   select c1.cno,c1.coursename,c1.pno,c2.coursename   from courses c1,courses c2 where c1.pno=c2.cno   采用别名解决问题。   d.交叉连接   select lastname+firstname from lastname CROSS JOIN firstanme   相当于做笛卡儿积 8.嵌套查询   a.用关键字IN,如查询李山的同乡:   select * from students   where native in (select native from students where name=' 李山')   b.使用关键字EXIST,比如,下面两句是等价的:   select * from students   where sno in (select sno from grades where cno='B2')   select * from students where exists   (select * from grades where   grades.sno=students.sno AND cno='B2')   9.关于排序order   a.对于排序order,有两种方法:asc升序和desc降序   b.对于排序order,可以按照查询条件中的某项排列,而且这项可用数字表示,如:   select sno,count(*) ,avg(mark) from grades   group by sno   having avg(mark)>85   order by 3   10.其他   a.对于有空格的识别名称,应该用"[]"括住。   b.对于某列中没有数据的特定查询可以用null判断,如select sno,courseno from grades where mark IS NULL   c.注意区分在嵌套查询中使用的any与all的区别,any相当于逻辑运算“||”而all则相当于逻辑运算“&&”   d.注意在做否定意义的查询是小心进入陷阱:   如,没有选修‘B2'课程的学生 :   select students.*   from students, grades   where students.sno=grades.sno   AND grades.cno <> 'B2'   上面的查询方式是错误的,正确方式见下方:   select * from students   where not exists (select * from grades   where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno='B2')   11.关于有难度多重嵌套查询的解决思想:   如,选修了全部课程的学生:   select *   from students   where not exists ( select *   from courses    where NOT EXISTS   (select *   from grades   where sno=students.sno   AND cno=courses.cno)) 12下一页阅读全文

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