在前几章节中,我们已经学会了如果在一张表中读取数据,这是相对简单的,但是在真正的应用中经常需要从多个数据表中读取数据。
本章节我们将向大家介绍如何使用 MySQL 的 JOIN 在两个或多个表中查询数据。
你可以在SELECT, UPDATE 和 DELETE 语句中使用 Mysql 的 JOIN 来联合多表查询。
JOIN 按照功能大致分为如下三类:
- INNER JOIN(内连接,或等值连接):获取两个表中字段匹配关系的记录。
- LEFT JOIN(左连接):获取左表所有记录,即使右表没有对应匹配的记录。
- RIGHT JOIN(右连接): 与 LEFT JOIN 相反,用于获取右表所有记录,即使左表没有对应匹配的记录。
在命令提示符中使用 INNER JOIN
我们在W3CSCHOOL数据库中有两张表 tcount_tbl 和 w3cschool_tbl。两张数据表数据如下:
实例
尝试以下实例:
root@host# mysql -u root -p password; Enter password:******* mysql> use W3CSCHOOL; Database changed mysql> SELECT * FROM tcount_tbl; +-----------------+----------------+ | w3cschool_author | w3cschool_count | +-----------------+----------------+ | mahran | 20 | | mahnaz | NULL | | Jen | NULL | | Gill | 20 | | John Poul | 1 | | Sanjay | 1 | +-----------------+----------------+ 6 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> SELECT * from w3cschool_tbl; +-------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | w3cschool_id | w3cschool_title | w3cschool_author | submission_date | +-------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1 | Learn PHP | John Poul | 2007-05-24 | | 2 | Learn MySQL | Abdul S | 2007-05-24 | | 3 | JAVA Tutorial | Sanjay | 2007-05-06 | +-------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
接下来我们就使用MySQL的INNER JOIN(也可以省略 INNER 使用 JOIN,效果一样)来连接以上两张表来读取w3cschool_tbl表中所有w3cschool_author字段在tcount_tbl表对应的w3cschool_count字段值:
mysql> SELECT a.w3cschool_id, a.w3cschool_author, b.w3cschool_count FROM w3cschool_tbl a INNER JOIN tcount_tbl b ON a.w3cschool_author = b.w3cschool_author; +-----------+---------------+--------------+ | w3cschool_id | w3cschool_author | w3cschool_count | +-----------+---------------+--------------+ | 1 | John Poul | 1 | | 3 | Sanjay | 1 | +-----------+---------------+--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
以上 SQL 语句等价于:
mysql> SELECT a.w3cschool_id, a.w3cschool_author, b.w3cschool_count FROM w3cschool_tbl a, tcount_tbl b WHERE a.w3cschool_author = b.w3cschool_author; +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ | w3cschool_id | w3cschool_author | w3cschool_count | +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ | 1 | John Poul | 1 | | 3 | Sanjay | 1 | +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql>
MySQL LEFT JOIN
MySQL left join 与 join 有所不同。 MySQL LEFT JOIN 会读取左边数据表的全部数据,即便右边表无对应数据。
实例
尝试以下实例,以 w3cschool_tbl 为左表,tcount_tbl 为右表,理解MySQL LEFT JOIN的应用:
root@host# mysql -u root -p password; Enter password:******* mysql> use W3CSCHOOL; Database changed mysql> SELECT a.w3cschool_id, a.w3cschool_author, b.w3cschool_count FROM w3cschool_tbl a LEFT JOIN tcount_tbl b ON a.w3cschool_author = b.w3cschool_author; +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ | w3cschool_id | w3cschool_author | w3cschool_count | +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ | 1 | John Poul | 1 | | 2 | Abdul S | NULL | | 3 | Sanjay | 1 | +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
以上实例中使用了LEFT JOIN,该语句会读取左边的数据表w3cschool_tbl的所有选取的字段数据,即便在右侧表tcount_tbl中没有对应的w3cschool_author字段值。
MySQL RIGHT JOIN
MySQL RIGHT JOIN 会读取右边数据表的全部数据,即便左边边表无对应数据。
实例
尝试以下实例,以 tcount_tbl 为左表,w3cschool_tbl 为右表,理解MySQL RIGHT JOIN的应用:
root@host# mysql -u root -p password; Enter password:******* mysql> use W3CSCHOOL; Database changed mysql> SELECT b.w3cschool_id, b.w3cschool_author, a.w3cschool_count FROM tcount_tbl a RIGHT JOIN w3cschool_tbl b ON a.w3cschool_author = b.w3cschool_author; +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ | w3cschool_id | w3cschool_author | w3cschool_count | +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ | 1 | John Poul | 1 | | 2 | Abdul S | NULL | | 3 | Sanjay | 1 | +-------------+-----------------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
以上实例中使用了 RIGHT JOIN,该语句会读取右边的数据表 w3cschool_tbl 的所有选取的字段数据,即便在左侧表tcount_tbl中没有对应的w3cschool_author字段值。
在PHP脚本中使用JOIN
PHP 中使用mysql_query()函数来执行SQL语句,你可以使用以上的相同的SQL语句作为mysql_query()函数的参数。
尝试如下实例:
<?php
$dbhost = 'localhost:3036';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'rootpassword';
$conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);
if(! $conn )
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
$sql = 'SELECT a.w3cschool_id, a.w3cschool_author, b.w3cschool_count FROM w3cschool_tbl a INNER JOIN tcount_tbl b ON a.w3cschool_author = b.w3cschool_author';
mysql_select_db('W3CSCHOOL');
$retval = mysql_query( $sql, $conn );
if(! $retval )
{
die('Could not get data: ' . mysql_error());
}
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($retval, MYSQL_ASSOC))
{
echo "Author:{$row['w3cschool_author']} <br> ".
"Count: {$row['w3cschool_count']} <br> ".
"Tutorial ID: {$row['w3cschool_id']} <br> ".
"--------------------------------<br>";
}
echo "Fetched data successfullyn";
mysql_close($conn);
?>